Introduction and Objectives: Although there is an accumulation of data that suggest 2-pore domain potassium (K2P) channels are involved in diverse cellular functions such as cell excitability, signal transduction, apoptosis, and abnormal cell proliferation, and thus probably involved in many different physiological and pathophysiological processes, limited data are available for native K2P channel characteristics, including tissue-specific expression patterns and pharmacological properties. Thus, aims of this study were to examine if stretch-activated K2P channels such as TREK1, TREK2, and TRAAK expressed in bladder mucosa and to measure urinary incontinence-associated changes of RNA and protein levels.

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Introduction and Objectives: Health economic analyses are used routinely to evaluate a number of types of health care interventions and are required for all new pharmaceuticals by many national and regional health authorities. These analyses assess the implications of projected outcomes and costs of a new drug treatment, and are often used as a tool to guide decisions about pharmaceutical development and consumption. As an illustrative example, an overview of the components and construction of an economic model are presented here using the costs and outcomes associated with fesoterodine (FESO), a new antimuscarinic that has been shown to be safe, tolerable, and effective for the management of overactive bladder (OAB) in adults.

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Introduction and Objectives: Fecal incontinence (FI) is a socially isolating disorder with a prevalence of 6-24% in women with urinary incontinence. The objective of this cross-sectional study is to evaluate the prevalence of FI subtypes (liquid and both liquid and solid stool loss) in women with stress predominant urinary incontinence (UI) and to determine which potential factors (sociodemographic, health status, history, and severity) are associated with FI.

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Introduction: Pad use per day is a controversial endpoint for measuring urinary incontinence severity. Our objective was to determine if pad use could be used as a proxy measurement assessing patient quality of life after pubovaginal sling surgery (PVS).

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Introduction and Objectives: Urogenital fistulae in females, when acquired after surgery or obstetric trauma, are associated with significant morbidity and dreadful social and psychological consequences. Successful management of these fistulae demands a high level of skills as well as adherence to basic surgical principles. We review the management of urogenital fistulae at Shifa International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan.