Bufalin, a cardiotonic steroid extracted from toad venom, has generally been known to possess a range of biological activities; however, only a few studies have reported the anti-metastatic activity of bufalin.
In the present study, we investigated the inhibitory effects of bufalin on cell migration and invasion, two critical cellular processes that are often deregulated during metastasis, using the human bladder cancer cell line, T24. Within the concentration range that was not cytotoxic, bufalin markedly inhibited the cell motility and invasiveness of T24 cells. The inhibitory effects of bufalin on cell invasiveness were associated with the tightening of tight junctions (TJs), which was demonstrated by an increase in transepithelial electrical resistance (TER). Bufalin treatment also repressed the levels of claudin proteins (claudin-2, -3 and -4) and the major components of TJs that play key roles in the control and selectivity of paracellular transport. Furthermore, the activities of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)‑2 and -9 in T24 cells were dose‑dependently inhibited by treatment with bufalin and this also correlated with a decrease in their mRNA and protein expression levels; however, the mRNA and protein levels of the tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP)‑1 and -2 were increased. In addition, these effects were related to the increased phosphorylation of the extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK) pathway. The inhibition of ERK (PD98059) significantly prevented the bufalin‑induced suppression of T24 cell migration. These findings suggest that bufalin inhibits the migration and invasion of T24 cells by modulating the activity of TJs and MMPs, possibly in association with the activation of ERK.
Written by:
Hong SH, Kim GY, Chang YC, Moon SK, Kim WJ, Choi YH Are you the author?
Department of Biochemistry and Research Institute of Oriental Medicine, Dongeui University College of Oriental Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea
Reference: Int J Oncol. 2013 Jan;42(1):277-86
doi: 10.3892/ijo.2012.1683
PubMed Abstract
PMID: 23128598
