CONTEXT: An optimum metabolic evaluation strategy for urinary stone patients has not been clearly defined.
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the optimum strategy for metabolic stone evaluation and management to prevent recurrent urinary stones.
EVIDENCE ACQUISITION: Several databases were searched to identify studies on the metabolic evaluation and prevention of stone recurrence in urolithiasis patients. Special interest was given to the level of evidence in the existing literature.
EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS: Reliable stone analysis and basic metabolic evaluation are highly recommended in all patients after stone passage (grade A). Every patient should be assigned to a low- or high-risk group for stone formation. It is highly recommended that low-risk stone formers follow general fluid and nutritional intake guidelines, as well as lifestyle-related preventative measures to reduce stone recurrences (grade A). High-risk stone formers should undergo specific metabolic evaluation with 24-h urine collection (grade A). More specifically, there is strong evidence to recommend pharmacological treatment of calcium oxalate stones in patients with specific abnormalities in urine composition (grades A and B). Treatment of calcium phosphate stones using thiazides is only highly recommended when hypercalciuria is present (grade A). In the presence of renal tubular acidosis (RTA), potassium citrate and/or thiazide are highly recommended based on the relative urinary risk factor (grade A or B). Recommendations for therapeutic measures for the remaining stone types are based on low evidence (grade C or B following panel consensus). Diagnostic and therapeutic algorithms are presented for all stone types based on the best level of existing evidence.
CONCLUSION: Metabolic stone evaluation is highly recommended to prevent stone recurrences.
Written by:
Skolarikos A, Straub M, Knoll T, Sarica K, Seitz C, Petřík A, Türk C. Are you the author?
Second Department of Urology, Sismanoglio Hospital, Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece; Department of Urology, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany; Department of Urology, Sindelfingen-Boeblingen Medical Center, University of Tübingen, Sindelfingen, Germany; Department of Urology, Dr Lutfi Kırdar Research and Teaching Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Urology, Medical University Vienna, Austria; Department of Urology, Region Hospital, České Budějovice, Czech Republic; Department of Urology, Charles University, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic; Department of Urology, Rudolfstiftung Hospital, Vienna, Austria.
Reference: Eur Urol. 2014 Nov 20. pii: S0302-2838(14)01102-6.
doi: 10.1016/j.eururo.2014.10.029
PubMed Abstract
PMID: 25454613