Kidney stones and CKD are common disorders with a substantial interaction. Although observational studies have suggested a potential for enhanced CKD risk after prior kidney stones, the exact relationship remains ambiguous.
Shared comorbidities between two diseases were identified using unbiased screening. Genome-wide association study summary statistics were obtained from the UK Biobank (UKBB), FinnGen, and CKDGen, followed by genetic association analyses across various traits. Bidirectional Mendelian randomization (MR) analyses were performed to define causal links, complemented by multivariable MR that included the shared comorbidities including hypertension, diabetes, and obesity. Observational analyses were undertaken using cohorts from the Mayo Clinic and a UKBB subset.
Despite identifying a total of 123 conditions as shared comorbidities, there was no significant genetic correlation between kidney stones and CKD. Unadjusted MR analysis revealed no significant association between kidney stones and CKD risk (UKBB [exposure]/FinnGen [outcome]: OR=0.97, 95% CI: 0.88∼1.06; FinnGen/UKBB: OR=1.17, 95% CI:0.98∼1.39). Kidney stones did significantly associate with a higher urinary albumin-creatinine ratio (UACR) (β=0.014, 95% CI: 0.002∼0.025), but this association disappeared in the multivariable MR model (β=0.009, 95% CI: -0.003∼0.020). Furthermore, in a cross-sectional analysis limited to the UKBB cohort, a robust regression model did not detect an independent association between kidney stones and UACR (β=0.16, 95% CI: -0.04∼0.35) or eGFR (β=0.10, 95% CI: -0.07∼0.28). Conversely, CKD associated with a diminished risk of kidney stones in multivariable MR models (UKBB/FinnGen: OR=0.77, 95% CI: 0.69∼0.87; FinnGen/UKBB: OR=0.73, 95% CI: 0.66∼0.81). Furthermore, in the Mayo Clinic cohort with available urinary biochemistries, lower eGFR was associated with lower urinary calcium excretion and urinary calcium oxalate/phosphate supersaturation.
In this study, kidney stones were not independently associated with CKD. Conversely, CKD was associated with a lower risk of calcium kidney stones likely via changes in key urinary traits, including lower calcium excretion.
Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN. 2024 Aug 05 [Epub ahead of print]
Le-Ting Zhou, Ahmed E Ali, Muthuvel Jayachandran, Zejfa Haskic, Peter C Harris, Andrew D Rule, Kevin Koo, Shannon K McDonnell, Nicholas B Larson, John C Lieske
Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA., Department of Urology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA., Division of Clinical Trials and Biostatistics, Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.