The kidney plays a pivotal role in regulating calcium levels within the body. Approximately 98% of the filtered calcium is reabsorbed in the nephron, and this process is tightly controlled to maintain calcium homeostasis, which is required to facilitate optimal bone mineralization, preserve serum calcium levels within a narrow range, and support intracellular signalling mechanisms. The maintenance of these functions is attributed to a delicate balance achieved by various calcium channels, transporters, and calcium-binding proteins in renal cells. Perturbation of this balance due to deficiency or dysfunction of calcium channels and calcium-binding proteins can lead to severe complications. For example, polycystic kidney disease is linked to aberrant calcium transport and signalling. Furthermore, dysregulation of calcium levels can promote the formation of kidney stones. This Review provides an updated description of the key aspects of calcium handling in the kidney, focusing on the function of various calcium channels and the physiological stimuli that control these channels or are communicated through them. A discussion of the role of calcium as an intracellular second messenger and the pathophysiology of renal calcium dysregulation, as well as a summary of gaps in knowledge and future prospects, are also included.
Nature reviews. Nephrology. 2024 Apr 19 [Epub ahead of print]
Alexander Staruschenko, R Todd Alexander, Michael J Caplan, Daria V Ilatovskaya
Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA. ., Department of Paediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada., Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA., Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA.