INTRODUCTION AND HYPOTHESIS: Cystoscopy is frequently performed by gynecologists to ensure ureteral patency and to prevent bladder injury when performing concomitant gynecological procedures.
Generally, there are no additional findings on cystoscopy; however, when abnormalities arise, they may require either observation or intervention. Our aim was to create a visual library of benign, malignant, and foreign-body pathological conditions incidentally encountered on cystoscopy.
METHOD: Cystoscopic findings were videotaped at the time of routine surgical care. Regarding Institutional Review Board approval, individual consent was waived as the videos were de-identified and collected for educational purposes.
RESULTS: Benign pathological conditions: squamous metaplasia, duplicated ureteral orifice, ureterocele, Hutch diverticulum, bladder trabeculation, urachal cyst, interstitial cystitis with and without Hunner's lesion, endometriosis in the bladder, port-wine stain due to Klippel-Trénaunay-Weber syndrome, nephrogenic (mesonephric) metaplasia, and cystitis glandularis (intestinal metaplasia). Malignant pathological conditions: papillary urothelial neoplasm of low malignant potential (PUNLMP), carcinoma in situ (CIS), high-grade urothelial carcinoma, and urachal cancer. Foreign-body pathological conditions: edema from ureteral stents and stone-encrusted mesh.
CONCLUSION: This video is intended to educate the audience on some incidental bladder findings seen on female cystoscopy. Many pathological conditions can be biopsied or treated immediately during the procedure; hence, early urology consultation is encouraged for most abnormalities.
Written by:
Lenherr SM, Crosby EC, Cameron AP. Are you the author?
Department of Urology, University of Michigan, 1500 E. Medical Center Drive 3875 Taubman Center, SPC 5330, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-5330, USA.
Reference: Int Urogynecol J. 2015 Jan 27. Epub ahead of print.
doi: 10.1007/s00192-014-2614-4
PubMed Abstract
PMID: 25619539