In a large dataset of the International Bladder cancer consortium of 1500 patients with positive lymph nodes, approximately 1/3 of patients were cured with surgery and pelvic lymph node dissection (PLND) alone (with no adjuvant or neoadjuvant chemotherapy). Only those with limited nodal involvement were the most likely to benefit from surgery and PLND.
Nodal involvement is clearly related to the depth of the disease in the bladder (i.e. the stage of the bladder tumor(, as seen in Figure 1. The higher the stage, the higher the percentage of lymph node involvement.
Figure 1 – Lymph node disease involvement correlated to the stage of the bladder tumor:
It is not entirely clear if removing more lymph nodes improves the outcome. For instance, if all patients with disease above the common iliac bifurcation died regardless of what surgery they underwent, then there is no need to remove lymph nodes at all. We also need to better understand the frequency of lymph node involvement by location and understand the extent of the population that may benefit from an extended PLND (is it 10%? 25%? or 50%?).
The TNM staging system is shown in figure 2 demonstrating the lymph node staging. About 15% of >=T2 patients will have lymph node involvement above the common iliac bifurcation (these may benefit from an extended PLND). Of these at-risk patients (15%) only a third are eventually cured at long-term with surgery and PLND. Ultimately, this suggests that about 5% improvement in recurrence-free-survival (RFS) could be expected from routine use of extended PLND in >=T2 patients.1
Figure 2- Lymph node TNM staging:
The LEA AUO AB25/02 trial compared limited vs. extended PLND in patients undergoing radical cystectomy. It was designed to detect a 15% difference in 5 years in RFS2 (Figure 3).
Figure 3 – LEA trial design:
The results demonstrated that 19 vs. 31 nodes were removed in the limited vs. extended arms. Approximately 60% were organ-confined tumors including 15% pathological T1 disease patients. Only one patient was found pathological to have N3 disease (0.5%).2 The 5-year RFS was 59.2% in the limited arm vs. 64.6% in the extended arm (5.5% difference), p=0.36 (Figure 4). The p-value was not significant because the study was massively underpowered to find a 5-6% difference.
Figure 4 – LEA trial recurrence-free survival results:
Concluding his talk, Dr. Kamat stated that extended PLND is an important part of the surgical management of invasive bladder cancer. Decades of data support the role of an extended PLND in patients at risk for lymph node involvement. Surgical quality does matter, and it is important physicians know the data well to best support their patients.
Presented by: Ashish Kamat, MD, MBBS, Endowed Professor of Urologic Oncology (Surgery) and Cancer Research at University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
Written by: Hanan Goldberg, MD, Urology Department, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA, Twitter: @GoldbergHanan at the 39th Congress of the Société Internationale d'Urologie, SIU 2019, #SIUWorld #SIU2019, October 17-20, 2019, Athens, Greece
References:
1. Steven K, Poulsen AL. Radical cystectomy and extended pelvic lymphadenectomy: survival of patients with lymph node metastasis above the bifurcation of the common iliac vessels treated with surgery only. The Journal of urology 2007; 178(4 Pt 1): 1218-23; discussion 23-4.
2. Gschwend JE, Heck MM, Lehmann J, et al. Extended Versus Limited Lymph Node Dissection in Bladder Cancer Patients Undergoing Radical Cystectomy: Survival Results from a Prospective, Randomized Trial. Eur Urol 2019; 75(4): 604-11.
Figure 4 – LEA trial recurrence-free survival results:
Concluding his talk, Dr. Kamat stated that extended PLND is an important part of the surgical management of invasive bladder cancer. Decades of data support the role of an extended PLND in patients at risk for lymph node involvement. Surgical quality does matter, and it is important physicians know the data well to best support their patients.
Presented by: Ashish Kamat, MD, MBBS, Endowed Professor of Urologic Oncology (Surgery) and Cancer Research at University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
Written by: Hanan Goldberg, MD, Urology Department, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA, Twitter: @GoldbergHanan at the 39th Congress of the Société Internationale d'Urologie, SIU 2019, #SIUWorld #SIU2019, October 17-20, 2019, Athens, Greece
References:
1. Steven K, Poulsen AL. Radical cystectomy and extended pelvic lymphadenectomy: survival of patients with lymph node metastasis above the bifurcation of the common iliac vessels treated with surgery only. The Journal of urology 2007; 178(4 Pt 1): 1218-23; discussion 23-4.
2. Gschwend JE, Heck MM, Lehmann J, et al. Extended Versus Limited Lymph Node Dissection in Bladder Cancer Patients Undergoing Radical Cystectomy: Survival Results from a Prospective, Randomized Trial. Eur Urol 2019; 75(4): 604-11.